Operators

The bitwise operators &, |, ^, and ~ operate on integers thought of as binary numbers or strings of bits. The & operator is bitwise AND, the | operator is bitwise OR, the ^ operator is bitwise exclusive-OR (XOR), and the ~ operator is a bitwise negation or complement. (&, |, and ^ are ``binary'' in that they take two operands; ~ is unary.) These operators let you work with the individual bits of a variable; one common use is to treat an integer as a set of single-bit flags. You might define the 3rd (2**2) bit as the ``verbose'' flag bit by defining

	#define VERBOSE 4

Then you can ``turn the verbose bit on'' in an integer variable flags by executing

	flags = flags | VERBOSE;
or
	flags |= VERBOSE;

and turn it off with

	flags = flags & ~VERBOSE;
or
	flags &= ~VERBOSE;

and test whether it's set with

	if(flags & VERBOSE)

The left-shift and right-shift operators << and >> let you shift an integer left or right by some number of bit positions; for example, value << 2 shifts value left by two bits.

The ?: or conditional operator (also called the ``ternary operator'') essentially lets you embed an if/then statement in an expression. The assignment

	a = expr ? b : c;

is roughly equivalent to

	if(expr)
		a = b;
	else	a = c;

Since you can use ?: anywhere in an expression, it can do things that if/then can't, or that would be cumbersome with if/then. For example, the function call

	f(a, b, c ? d : e);

is roughly equivalent to

	if(c)
		f(a, b, d);
	else	f(a, b, e);

(Exercise: what would the call

	g(a, b, c ? d : e, h ? i : j, k);

be equivalent to?)

The comma operator lets you put two separate expressions where one is required; the expressions are executed one after the other. The most common use for comma operators is when you want multiple variables controlling a for loop, for example:

	for(i = 0, j = 10; i < j; i++, j--)

A cast operator allows you to explicitly force conversion of a value from one type to another. A cast consists of a type name in parentheses. For example, you could convert an int to a double by typing

	int i = 10;
	double d;
	d = (double)i;

(In this case, though, the cast is redundant, since this is a conversion that C would have performed for you automatically, i.e. if you'd just said d = i .) You use explicit casts in those circumstances where C does not do a needed conversion automatically. One example is division: if you're dividing two integers and you want a floating-point result, you must explicitly force at least one of the operands to floating-point, otherwise C will perform an integer division and will discard the remainder. The code

	int i = 1, j = 2;
	double d = i / j;

will set d to 0, but

	d = (double)i / j;

will set d to 0.5. You can also ``cast to void'' to explicitly indicate that you're ignoring a function's return value, as in

	(void)fclose(fp);

	(void)printf("Hello, world!\n");

(Usually, it's a bad idea to ignore return values, but in some cases it's essentially inevitable, and the (void) cast keeps some compilers from issuing warnings every time you ignore a value.)

There's a precise, mildly elaborate set of rules which C uses for converting values automatically, in the absence of explicit casts.

The . and -> operators let you access the members (components) of structures and unions.

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