CiTO

agrees with The citing entity agrees with statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
Example: We share Galileo's opinion: the Earth moves [X].

cites as authority The citing entity cites the cited entity as one that provides an authoritative description or definition of the subject under discussion.
Example: Newton asserted that we are like dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants [X].

cites as data source The citing entity cites the cited entity as source of data.
Example: Italy has more than ten thousand kilometers of shoreline: see [X].

cites as evidence The citing entity cites the cited entity as source of factual evidence for statements it contains.
Example: We found an unquestionable demonstration of our hypothesis in [X].

cites as metadata document The citing entity cites the cited entity as being the container of metadata describing the citing entity.
Example: Basic bibliographic, entity and project metadata relating to this article, recorded in a structured machine-readable form, is available as an additional file [X] accompanying this paper.

cites as potential solution The citing entity cites the cited entity as a possible solution to the issues being discussed.
Example: This risk could be avoided using the approach shown in [X].

cites as recommended reading The citing entity cites the cited entity as an item of recommended reading. This property can be used, for example, to describe references in a lecture reading list, where the cited references are relevant to the general topic of the lecture, but might not be individually cited within the text of the lecture. Similarly, it could be used to describe items in a 'Suggested further reading' list at the end of a book chapter.
Example: To our knowledge, [X] is the best source of exercises about UML, making it a valuable proposal for beginners.

cites as related The citing entity cites the cited entity as one that is related.
Example: An analysis similar to what we proposed here is presented in [X].

cites as source document The citing entity cites the cited entity as being the entity from which the citing entity is derived, or about which the citing entity contains metadata.
Example: Several sections of this work are based on our literature review of the topic published as journal article [X].

cites for information The citing entity cites the cited entity as a source of information on the subject under discussion.
Example: The grammar of Pascal was introduced in [X].

compiles The citing entity is used to create or compile the cited entity.
Example: This book gathers interviews with academic researchers of several disciplines [X].

confirms The citing entity confirms facts, ideas or statements presented in the cited entity.
Example: Our findings are similar to those published in [X].

contains assertion from The citing entity contains a statement of fact or a logical assertion (or a collection of such facts and/or assertions) originally present in the cited entity. This object property is designed to be used to relate a separate abstract, summary or nanopublication to the cited entity upon which it is based.
Example: We think that to stand on the top of giants [X] is a valuable principle to follow for our own research.

corrects The citing entity corrects statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
Example: The result published in [X] is partially wrong, the correct result is 42.

credits The citing entity acknowledges contributions made by the cited entity.
Example: Galileo was the first to observe Jupiter's satellites [X].

critiques The citing entity critiques statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
Example: The ideas presented in [X] are badly substantantiated.

derides The citing entity express contempt for the cited entity.
Example: The ideas published in [X] are incredibly stupid.

describes The citing entity describes the cited entity.
Example: Galileo's book [X] is a dialog among three scientists about Copernicus' eliocentric theory.

disagrees with The citing entity disagrees with statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
Example: We do not share Galileo's opinion [X]: the Earth does not move.

discusses The citing entity discusses statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
Example: We now examine if Galileo is right when he writes [X] that the Earth moves.

disputes The citing entity disputes statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
Example: We doubt that Galileo is right when he writes [X] that the Earth moves.

documents The citing entity documents information about the cited entity.
Example: Herein we report in detail the complete set of ontological rules defined in the Overlapping Ontology [X].

extends The citing entity extends facts, ideas or understandings presented in the cited entity.
Example: We add to Galileo's findings concerning the Earth [X] that also the Moon moves.

includes excerpt from The citing entity includes one or more excerpts from the cited entity. An excerpt is more general than a quotation. It is generally used to indicate a re-published extract from a book, instruction manual, film, radio programme, etc, that need not be what someone said.
Example: In her work, the author states that even though most Human Information Behaviour researchers are familiar with the literature related to their studies, it is not uncommon for investigators to fail to see the benefits they may gain from previous mistakes [X].

includes quotation from The citing entity includes one or more quotations from the cited entity. quotation is a repetition of what someone has said, and is presented within quotation marks.
Example: As Newton wrote in [X]: "We are like dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants".

obtains background from The citing entity obtains background information from the cited entity.
Example: There is a need for more observational studies and studies using narrative causation to describe the potential contribution of information in problem-solving and decision-making [X]; our work addresses these needs.

obtains support from The citing entity obtains intellectual or factual support from the cited entity.
Example: Our ideas were also shared by Doe et al. [X].

parodies The citing entity imitates the characteristic style or content of the cited entity for comic effect, usually without explicit citation.
Example: We act as giants on the shoulders of dwarfs [X]!

plagiarizes The author of the citing entity plagiarizes the cited entity, by including textual or other elements from the cited entity without formal acknowledgement of their source. The citing entity thus contains no explicit citation of the cited entity, according to the norms of scholarly practice, but cites it implicitly.
Example: The conclusion of our dissertation can be summarised by the following motto, we created specifically for this purpose: we are like dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants.

qualifies The citing entity qualifies or places conditions or restrictions upon statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
Example: Galileo's masterpiece 'Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo' [X] is formally a dialog and substantially a scientific pamphlet.

refutes The citing entity refutes statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
Example: We do not think that all their arguments in favour of their own and against the other strategies are equally convincing [X].

replies to The citing entity replies to statements, ideas or criticisms presented in the cited entity.
Example: We will not investigate the issues of the approach proposed in [X] here, but rather we introduce yet another alternative.

retracts The citing entity constitutes a formal retraction of the cited entity.
Example: We wrote that the Earth moves in [X]; we now retire such statement.

reviews The citing entity reviews statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
Example: This paper discusses Toulmin's methodology in modelling argumentation [X], focussing on highlighting advantages and drawbacks of the application of such a methodology in the Social Web.

ridicules The citing entity ridicules the cited entity or aspects of its contents.
Example: Galileo said that the Earth "moves" [X]; really? And where is it going?

speculates on The citing entity speculates on something within or related to the cited entity, without firm evidence.
Example: We believe that if Galileo believed that Earth goes around the Sun [X], he also should believe that Moon goes around Earth.

supports The citing entity provides intellectual or factual support for statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
Example: We support Galileo's statement [X], that Earth moves.

updates The citing entity updates statements, ideas, hypotheses or understanding presented in the cited entity.
Example: Earth moves, said Galileo [X]; in addition, we can say now it moves very fast.

uses conclusions from The citing entity describes work that uses conclusions presented in the cited entity.
Example: Building upon Galileo's findings [X], we discovered that all the planets move.

uses data from The citing entity describes work that uses data presented in the cited entity.
Example: Using the information collected from our recent study [X], we can estimate that there are tens of millions of HTML forms with potentially useful deep-web content.

uses method in The citing entity describes work that uses a method detailed in the cited entity.
Example: We follow [X] in using design patterns for testing.